英語演講稿寫作及格式範本大綱

具體要求:

a. 簡要說明研究背景(background)

b. 簡要介紹總的發現(general findings)

c. 介紹具體要點(introduction of points)

d. 與現有發現(若有)進行比較(comparison in the context of other stu

dies)

e. 意義(suggested meaning)

f. 結論(conclusion)

g. 前瞻研究(future studies)

結論往往是論文中最長也是最難寫的部分,主要原因是作者要對研究結果和發現進

行分析、推斷、演繹和推理,要求作者具有很強邏輯思維能力和英語文字組織能力

。此外,這部分時態比較複雜,要分清實驗過程和結果(過去時)與分析意見(確

定:現在時不確定或假設:過去時)的區別他人研究結果(過去時或現在完成

時)與本研究結果(過去時)的區別普遍適用的結論(現在時)與只適用本研究

的結論(過去時)的其別等。因此,對於however, may, might, could, would,

possibly, probably, be likely to 等詞(組)的使用以及we believe (think

/ consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入

語的使用就顯得格外重要。

示例:

parenteral nutrition is being used with increasing frequency as a prima

ry source of caloric support in adult and pediatric patients with gastr

ointestinal problems. numerous complications have been associated with

the administration of tpn, including a significantly increased incidenc

e of gallbladder disease [3-5,7]. the data here suggest that cholecyste

ctomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder d

isease in this group of patients, and is associated with significant ri

sks.[說明研究背景,包括意義]

of the 35 patients who required cholecystectomy for tpn-induced gallbla

dder disease, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11

percent, respectively. maingot [8] has stated that cholecystectomy “is

one of the simplest and safest of the abdominal operations, and is ass

ociated with a low operative mortality rate (about 0.5 percent). a revi

ew of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is pe

rformed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent, a

nd the mortality is less than 1 percent. [8,9] glenn [11] has reported

a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over 5,000 patients under

the age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. the morbidity and mo

rtality observed in our group of receiving long-term tpn, therefore, we

re far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patients

whose mean age was 29 years. [提出本研究主要發現並將其與其他研究發現相

比較]

our data suggest that are specific factors unique to patients who requi

re long-term tpn that contribute to the increased mortality and morbidi

ty associated with cholecystectomy in this select group.[以下,作者用較

大篇幅分析了這類病人死亡率和併發症增高的臨牀、實驗室和手術等方面的原因,

原文從略]

based on the results of our studies, we believe that early cholecystect

omy is indicated in patients with tpn-induced gallbladder disease. obvi

ously, all patients with symptomatic disease should undergo cholecystec

tomy unless there specific medical contraindications. these operations

should be performed in a timely, elective fashion because delay may res

ult in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increase an already hig

h risk. although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectomy may

not be warranted in otherwise healthy patients with asymptomatic gallb

ladder disease [20], we believe that this axiom does not apply to patie

nts with tpn-induced gallbladder disease. out data suggest that the nat

ural history of gallbladder disease in patients receiving tpn is consid

erably different from that of their counterparts not receiving tpn. bas

ed on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients r

eceiving tpn when gallstones first appear. furthermore, cholecystectomy

should be considered, especially in children without stones who are un

dergoing laparotomy for other reasons. [從對結果的分析及與其他研究的比較

得出結論性意見,這是討論部分最重要的內容 ] whether tpn-induced gallston

es can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying await

s the results of further studies. [前瞻研究]

5) 致謝部分

總的要求:always get approval of your intention to mention someone

in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will prese

nt the acknowledgement, 即:致謝詞和致謝方式必須徵得受謝人或單位的同意。