ted英語演講稿(4篇)

簡介：人有了錢就會變壞?社會心理學家paul piff通過操縱大富翁遊戲做了一個有趣的實驗，測試人們感到富有時會如何表現。

i want you to, for a moment, think about playing a game of monopoly, except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck that help earn you success in games, as in life, has been rendered irrelevant, because this game's been rigged, and you've got the upper hand. you've got more money, more opportunities to move around the board, and more access to resources. and as you think about that experience, i want you to ask yourself, how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game change the way that you think about yourself and regard that other player?

so we ran a study on the u.c. berkeley campus to look at exactly that question. we brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab, and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game. they got two times as much money. when they passed go, they collected twice the salary, and they got to roll both dice instead of one, so they got to move around the board a lot more. (laughter) and over the course of 15 minutes, we watched through hidden cameras what happened. and what i want to do today, for the first time, is show you a little bit of what we saw. you're going to have to pardon the sound quality, in some cases, because again, these were hidden cameras. so we've provided subtitles. rich player: how many 500s did you have? poor player: just one.

rich player: are you serious. poor player: yeah.

rich player: i have three. (laughs) i don't know why they gave me so much.

paul piff: okay, so it was quickly apparent to players that something was up. one person clearly has a lot more money than the other person, and yet, as the game unfolded, we saw very notable differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players. the rich player started to move around the board louder, literally smacking the board with their piece as he went around. we were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs, displays of power and celebration among the rich players.

we had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side. it's on the bottom right corner there. that allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior. so we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.

rich player: are those pretzels a trick?

poor player: i don't know.

pp: okay, so no surprises, people are onto us. they wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place. one even asks, like you just saw, is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick? and yet, despite that, the power of the situation seems to inevitably dominate, and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.

rich player: i love pretzels.

(laughter)

pp: and as the game went on, one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person, less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players, and more and more demonstrative of their material success, more likely to showcase how well they're doing. rich player: i have money for everything. poor player: how much is that? rich player: you owe me 24 dollars. you're going to lose all your money soon. i'll buy it. i have so much money. i have so much money, it takes me forever. rich player 2: i'm going to buy out this whole board. rich player 3: you're going to run out of money soon. i'm pretty much untouchable at this point.

pp: okay, and here's what i think was really, really interesting, is that at the end of the 15 minutes, we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game. and when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of monopoly -- (laughter) — they talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties and earn their success in the game, and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation, including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place. and that's a really, really incredible insight into how the mind makes sense of advantage.

now this game of monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status, and a lot of people don't. they have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources. and what my colleagues and i for the last seven years have been doing is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies. what we've been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a person's levels of wealth increase, their feelings of compassion and empathy go down, and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness, and their ideology of self-interest increases. in surveys, we found that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral. now what i want to do today is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self-interest, talk about why we should care about those implications, and end with what might be done.

some of the first studies that we ran in this area looked at helping behavior, something social psychologists call pro-social behavior. and we were really interested in who's more likely to offer help to another person, someone who's rich or someone who's poor. in one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor members of the community into the lab and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars. we told the participants that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves, or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to, with a stranger who is totally anonymous. they'll never meet that stranger and the stranger will never meet them. and we just monitor how much people give. individuals who made 25,000 sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year, gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger than did individuals making 150,000 or 200,000 dollars a year.

we've had people play games to see who's more or less likely to cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize. in one of the games, we actually rigged a computer so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible. you couldn't get above 12 in this game, and yet, the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize, sometimes by three to four times as much.

we ran another study where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified as being reserved for children -- (laughter) — participating -- i'm not kidding. i know it sounds like i'm making a joke. we explicitly told participants this jar of candy's for children participating in a developmental lab nearby. they're in studies. this is for them. and we just monitored how much candy participants took. participants who felt rich took two times as much candy as participants who felt poor.

we've even studied cars, not just any cars, but whether drivers of different kinds of cars are more or less inclined to break the law. in one of these studies, we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk. now in california, as you all know, because i'm sure we all do this, it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross. so here's an example of how we did it. that's our confederate off to the left posing as a pedestrian. he approaches as the red truck successfully stops. in typical california fashion, it's overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over. (laughter) now here's an example of a more expensive car, a prius, driving through, and a bmw doing the same. so we did this for hundreds of vehicles on several days, just tracking who stops and who doesn't. what we found was that as the expensiveness of a car increased, the driver's tendencies to break the law increased as well. none of the cars, none of the cars in our least expensive car category broke the law. close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category broke the law. we've run other studies finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations, to endorse unethical behavior at work like stealing cash from the cash register, taking bribes, lying to customers.

now i don't mean to suggest that it's only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior. not at all. in fact, i think that we all, in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives, struggle with these competing motivations of when, or if, to put our own interests above the interests of other people. and that's understandable because the american dream is an idea in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper, as long as we apply ourselves and work hard, and a piece of that means that sometimes, you need to put your own interests above the interests and well-being of other people around you. but what we're finding is that, the wealthier you are, the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success, of achievement and accomplishment, to the detriment of others around you. here i've plotted for you the mean household income received by each fifth and top five percent of the population over the last 20 years. in 1993, the differences between the different quintiles of the population, in terms of income, are fairly egregious. it's not difficult to discern that there are differences. but over the last 20 years, that significant difference has become a grand canyon of sorts between those at the top and everyone else. in fact, the top 20 percent of our population own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country. we're at unprecedented levels of economic inequality. what that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated in the hands of a select group of individuals, but the american dream is becoming increasingly unattainable for an increasing majority of us. and if it's the case, as we've been finding, that the wealthier you are, the more entitled you feel to that wealth, and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests above the interests of other people, and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest, well then there's no reason to think that those patterns will change. in fact, there's every reason to think that they'll only get worse, and that's what it would look like if things just stayed the same, at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.

now, inequality, economic inequality, is something we should all be concerned about, and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy, but because individuals and groups with lots of economic inequality do worse, not just the people at the bottom, everyone. there's a lot of really compelling research coming out from top labs all over the world showcasing the range of things that are undermined as economic inequality gets worse. social mobility, things we really care about, physical health, social trust, all go down as inequality goes up. similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies, things like obesity, and violence, imprisonment, and punishment, are exacerbated as economic inequality increases. again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few, but that resound across all strata of society. even people at the top experience these outcomes.

so what do we do? this cascade of self-perpetuating, pernicious, negative effects could seem like something that's spun out of control, and there's nothing we can do about it, certainly nothing we as individuals could do. but in fact, we've been finding in our own laboratory research that small psychological interventions, small changes to people's values, small nudges in certain directions, can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy. for instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation, or the advantages of community, cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian as poor people. in one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them, and after watching that, we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time to a stranger presented to them in the lab who was in distress. after watching this video, an hour later, rich people became just as generous of their own time to help out this other person, a stranger, as someone who's poor, suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical, but are so malleable to slight changes in people's values, and little nudges of compassion and bumps of empathy.

and beyond the walls of our lab, we're even beginning to see signs of change in society. bill gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals, in his harvard commencement speech, talked about the problem facing society of inequality as being the most daunting challenge, and talked about what must be done to combat it, saying, "humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries, but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity." and there's the giving pledge, in which more than 100 of our nation's wealthiest individuals are pledging half of their fortunes to charity. and there's the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements, like we are the one percent, the resource generation, or wealth for common good, in which the most privileged members of the population, members of the one percent and elsewhere, people who are wealthy, are using their own economic resources, adults and youth alike, that's what's most striking to me, leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources, to combat inequality by advocating for social policies, changes in social values, and changes in people's behavior, that work against their own economic interests but that may ultimately restore the american dream.

thank you.

(applause)

災難到來時，我們會發現看似普通的日常生活是多麼可貴。XX年1月15日，全美航空1549號班機迫降紐約哈德遜河，ric elias 就坐在第一排的位置。聽他分享在“人生最後一刻” 學到了什麼。

imagine a big explosion as you climb through 3,000 ft. imagine a plane full of smoke. imagine an engine going clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack. it sounds scary.

想像一個大爆炸，當你在三千多英尺的高空;想像機艙內佈滿黑煙，想像引擎發出喀啦、喀啦、喀啦、喀啦、喀啦的聲響，聽起來很可怕。

well i had a unique seat that day. i was sitting in 1d. i was the only one who can talk to the flight attendants. so i looked at them right away, and they said, "no problem. we probably hit some birds." the pilot had already turned the plane around, and we weren't that far. you could see manhattan.

那天我的位置很特別，我坐在1d，我是唯一可以和空服員說話的人，於是我立刻看着他們，他們說，“沒問題，我們可能撞上鳥了。” 機長已經把機頭轉向，我們離目的地很近，已經可以看到曼哈頓了。

two minutes later, 3 things happened at the same time. the pilot lines up the plane with the hudson river. that's usually not the route. he turns off the engines. now imagine being in a plane with no sound. and then he says 3 words-the most unemotional 3 words i've ever heard. he says, "brace for impact."

兩分鐘以後，三件事情同時發生：機長把飛機對齊哈德遜河，一般的航道可不是這樣。他關上引擎。想像坐在一架沒有聲音的飛機上。然後他說了幾個，我聽過最不帶情緒的幾個，他說，“即將迫降，小心衝擊。”

i didn't have to talk to the flight attendant anymore. i could see in her eyes, it was terror. life was over.

我不用再問空服員什麼了。我可以在她眼神裏看到恐懼，人生結束了。

now i want to share with you 3 things i learned about myself that day.

現在我想和你們分享那天我所學到的三件事。

i leant that it all changes in an instant. we have this bucket list, we have these things we want to do in life, and i thought about all the people i wanted to reach out to that i didn't, all the fences i wanted to mend, all the experiences i wanted to have and i never did. as i thought about that later on, i came up with a saying, which is, "collect bad wines". because if the wine is ready and the person is there, i'm opening it. i no longer want to postpone anything in life. and that urgency, that purpose, has really changed my life.

在那一瞬間內，一切都改變了。我們的人生目標清單，那些我們想做的事，所有那些我想聯絡卻沒有聯絡的人，那些我想修補的圍牆，人際關係，所有我想經歷卻沒有經歷的事。之後我回想那些事，我想到一句話，那就是，“我收藏的酒都很差。” 因爲如果酒已成熟，分享對象也有，我早就把把酒打開了。我不想再把生命中的任何事延後，這種緊迫感、目標性改變了我的生命。

the second thing i learnt that day - and this is as we clear the george washington bridge, which was by not a lot - i thought about, wow, i really feel one real regret, i've lived a good life. in my own humanity and mistaked, i've tired to get better at everything i tried. but in my humanity, i also allow my ego to get in. and i regretted the time i wasted on things that did not matter with people that matter. and i thought about my relationship with my wife, my friends, with people. and after, as i reflected on that, i decided to eliminate negative energy from my life. it's not perfect, but it's a lot better. i've not had a fight with my wife in 2 years. it feels great. i no longer try to be right; i choose to be happy.

那天我學到的第二件事是，正當我們通過喬治華盛頓大橋，那也沒過多久，我想，哇，我有一件真正後悔的事。雖然我有人性缺點，也犯了些錯，但我生活得其實不錯。我試着把每件事做得更好。但因爲人性，我難免有些自我中心，我後悔竟然花了許多時間，和生命中重要的人討論那些不重要的事。我想到我和妻子、朋友及人們的關係，之後，回想這件事時，我決定除掉我人生中的負面情緒。還沒完全做到，但確實好多了。過去兩年我從未和妻子吵架，感覺很好，我不再嘗試爭論對錯，我選擇快樂。

the third thing i learned - and this's as you mental clock starts going, "15, 14, 13." you can see the water coming. i'm saying, "please blow up." i don't want this thing to break in 20 pieces like you've seen in those documentaries. and as we're coming down, i had a sense of, wow, dying is not scary. it's almost like we've been preparing for it our whole lives it was very sad. i didn't want to go. i love my life. and that sadness really framed in one thought, which is, i only wish for one thing. i only wish i could see my kids grow up.

我所學到的第三件事是，當你腦中的始終開始倒數“15，14，13”，看到水開始涌入，心想，“拜託爆炸吧!” 我不希望這東西碎成20片，就像紀錄片中看到的那樣。當我們逐漸下沉，我突然感覺到，哇，死亡並不可怕，就像是我們一生一直在爲此做準備，但很令人悲傷。我不想就這樣離開，我熱愛我的生命。這個悲傷的主要來源是，我只期待一件事，我只希望能看到孩子長大。

about a month later, i was at a performance by my daugter - first-grade, not much artistic talent... yet. and i 'm balling, i'm crying, like a little kid. and it made all the sense in the world to me. i realized at that point by connecting those two dots, that the only thing that matters in my life is being a great dad. above all, above all, the only goal i have in life is to be a good dad.

一個月後，我參加女兒的表演，她一年級，沒什麼藝術天份，就算如此。我淚流滿面，像個孩子，這讓我的世界重新有了意義。噹噹時我意識到，將這兩件事連接起來，其實我生命中唯一重要的事，就是成爲一個好父親，比任何事都重要，比任何事都重要，我人生中唯一的目標就是做個好父親。

i was given the gift of a miracle, of not dying that day. i was given another gift, which was to be able to see into the future and come back and live differently.

那天我經歷了一個奇蹟，我活下來了。我還得到另一個啓示，像是看見自己的未來再回來，改變自己的人生。

i challenge you guys that are flying today, imagine the same thing happens on your plane - and please don't - but imagine, and how would you change? what would you get done that you're waiting to get done because you think you'll be here forever? how would you change your relationtships and the negative energy in them? and more than anything, are you being the best parent you can?

我鼓勵今天要坐飛機的各位，想像如果你坐的飛機出了同樣的事，最好不要-但想像一下，你會如何改變?有什麼是你想做卻沒做的，因爲你覺得你有其它機會做它?你會如何改變你的人際關係，不再如此負面?最重要的是，你是否盡力成爲一個好父母?

thank you.

謝謝。

以下是應屆畢業生演講稿網站爲大家整理推薦的楊瀾在ted大會上的一篇題爲the generation that's remaking china(重塑中國的一代)的演講稿中英原文。她在演講中分享了自己的人生經歷，並講述了當下中國的一些火熱現象，演講雖然不長，但是很多觀點都很精闢，非常值得一看。

英文演講稿：

the night before i was heading for scotland, i was invited to host the final of “china’s got talent” show in shanghai with the 80,000 live audience in the stadium. guess who was the performing guest? susan boyle. and i told her, “i’m going to scotland the next day.” she sang beautifully, and she even managed to say a few words in chinese. [chinese] soit’s not like “hello” or “thank you,” that ordinary stuff. it means “greenonion for free.” why did she say that? because it was a line from our chinese parallel susan boyle — a 50-some year-old woman, a vegetable vendor inshanghai, who loves singing western opera, but she didn’t understand anyenglish or french or italian, so she managed to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names in chinese. (laughter) and the last sentence of nessun dormathat she was singing in the stadium was “green onion for free.” so [as] susanboyle was saying that, 80,000 live audience sang together. that was hilarious.

so i guess both susan boyle and this vegetable vendor in shanghai belonged to otherness. they were the least expected to be successful in the business called entertainment, yet their courage and talent brought themthrough. and a show and a platform gave them the stage to realize their , being different is not that difficult. we are all different from different perspectives. but i think being different is good, because you present a different point of view. you may have the chance to make a difference.

my generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate in the historic transformation of china that has made so many changes in the past 20, 30 years. i remember that in the year of 1990, when i was graduating from college, i was applying for a job in the sales department of the first five-star hotel in beijing, great wall sheraton — it’s still there. so after being interrogated by this japanese manager for a half an hour,he finally said, “so, miss yang, do you have any questions to ask me?” i summoned my courage and poise and said, “yes, but could you let me know, what actually do you sell?” i didn’t have a clue what a sales department was about in a five-star hotel. that was the first day i set my foot in a five-star hotel.

around the same time, i was going through an audition —the first ever open audition by national television in china — with another thousand college girls. the producer told us they were looking for some sweet,innocent and beautiful fresh face. so when it was my turn, i stood up and said,“why [do] women’s personalities on television always have to be beautiful,sweet, innocent and, you know, supportive? why can’t they have their own ideas and their own voice?” i thought i kind of offended them. but actually, they were impressed by my words. and so i was in the second round of competition,and then the third and the fourth. after seven rounds of competition, i was the last one to survive it. so i was on a national television prime-time show. and believe it or not, that was the first show on chinese television that allowed its hosts to speak out of their own minds without reading an approved script.(applause) and my weekly audience at that time was between 200 to 300 million people.

well after a few years, i decided to go to the u.s. and columbia university to pursue my postgraduate studies, and then started my ownmedia company, which was unthought of during the years that i started mycareer. so we do a lot of things. i’ve interviewed more than a thousand peoplein the past. and sometimes i have young people approaching me say, “lan, you changed my life,” and i feel proud of that. but then we are also so fortunate to witness the transformation of the whole country. i was in beijing’s bidding for the olympic games. i was representing the shanghai expo. i saw china embracing the world and vice versa. but then sometimes i’m thinking, what are today’s young generation up to? how are they different, and what are the differences they are going to make to shape the future of china, or at large,the world?

so today i want to talk about young people through the platform of social media. first of all, who are they? [what] do they look like?well this is a girl called guo meimei — 20 years old, beautiful. she showed offher expensive bags, clothes and car on her microblog, which is the chinese version of twitter. and she claimed to be the general manager of red cross at the chamber of commerce. she didn’t realize that she stepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning, almost a turmoil, against the credibility of red cross. the controversy was so heated that the red cross had to open a press conference to clarify it, and the investigation is going on.

so far, as of today, we know that she herself made up that title — probably because she feels proud to be associated with those expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend, who used to be a board member in a subdivision of red cross at chamber of commerce. it’s very complicated to explain. but anyway, the public still doesn’t buy it. it is still boiling. it shows us a general mistrust of government or government-backed institutions, which lacked transparency in the past. and also it showed us the power and the impact of social media as microblog.

microblog boomed in the year of XX, with visitors doubled and time spent on it tripled. , a major news portal, alone hasmore than 140 million microbloggers. on tencent, 200 million. the most popular blogger — it’s not me — it’s a movie star, and she has more than 9.5 million followers, or fans. about 80 percent of those microbloggers are young people,under 30 years old. and because, as you know, the traditional media is still heavily controlled by the government, social media offers an opening to let thesteam out a little bit. but because you don’t have many other openings, theheat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong, active and even violent.

so through microblogging, we are able to understand chinese youth even better. so how are they different? first of all, most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy. and because of selected abortion by families who favored boys to girls, now we have ended up with 30 million more young men than women. that could pose a potential danger to the society, but who knows; we’re in a globalized world, so they can look for girlfriends from other countries. most of them have fairly good illiteracy rate in china among this generation is under one percent. incities, 80 percent of kids go to college. but they are facing an aging china with a population above 65 years old coming up with seven-point-some percent this year, and about to be 15 percent by the year of 2030. and you know we have the tradition that younger generations support the elders financially, and taking care of them when they’re sick. so it means young couples will have to support four parents who have a life expectancy of 73 years old.

so making a living is not that easy for young ege graduates are not in short supply. in urban areas, college graduates find the starting salary is about 400 u.s. dollars a month, while the average rent is above $500. so what do they do? they have to share space — squeezed invery limited space to save money — and they call themselves “tribe of ants.”and for those who are ready to get married and buy their apartment, they figured out they have to work for 30 to 40 years to afford their firstapartment. that ratio in america would only cost a couple five years to earn,but in china it’s 30 to 40 years with the skyrocketing real estate price.

among the 200 million migrant workers, 60 percent of them are young people. they find themselves sort of sandwiched between the urban areas and the rural areas. most of them don’t want to go back to the countryside, but they don’t have the sense of belonging. they work for longer hours with less income, less social welfare. and they’re more vulnerable to joblosses, subject to inflation, tightening loans from banks, appreciation of the renminbi, or decline of demand from europe or america for the products theyproduce. last year, though, an appalling incident in a southern oemmanufacturing compound in china: 13 young workers in their late teens and early 20s committed suicide, just one by one like causing a contagious disease. but they died because of all different personal reasons. but this whole incident aroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation, both physical and mental, ofthese migrant workers.

for those who do return back to the countryside, they find themselves very welcome locally, because with the knowledge, skills and networks they have learned in the cities, with the assistance of the internet,they’re able to create more jobs, upgrade local agriculture and create newbusiness in the less developed market. so for the past few years, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor.

these diagrams show a more general social background. the first one is the engels coefficient, which explains that the cost of dailynecessities has dropped its percentage all through the past decade, in terms offamily income, to about 37-some percent. but then in the last two years, it goes up again to 39 percent, indicating a rising living cost. the gini coefficient has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4. now it’s 0.5 — even worse than that in america — showing us the income inequality. and so you see this whole society getting frustrated about losing some of its mobility. and also, the bitterness and even resentment towards the rich and the powerful isquite widespread. so any accusations of corruption or backdoor dealings between authorities or business would arouse a social outcry or even unrest.

so through some of the hottest topics on microblogging,we can see what young people care most about. social justice and governmentaccountability runs the first in what they demand. for the past decade or so, amassive urbanization and development have let us witness a lot of reports onthe forced demolition of private property. and it has aroused huge anger and frustration among our young generation. sometimes people get killed, and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest. so when these incidents are reported more and more frequently on the internet, people cry for thegovernment to take actions to stop this.

so the good news is that earlier this year, the state council passed a new regulation on house requisition and demolition and passedthe right to order forced demolition from local governments to the larly, many other issues concerning public safety is a hot topic on the internet. we heard about polluted air, polluted water, poisoned food. and guesswhat, we have faked beef. they have sorts of ingredients that you brush on apiece of chicken or fish, and it turns it to look like beef. and then lately,people are very concerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people have been found [refining] cooking oil from restaurant slop. so all these things have aroused a huge outcry from the internet. and fortunately, we have seen the government responding more timely and also more frequently to the public concerns.

while young people seem to be very sure about their participation in public policy-making, but sometimes they’re a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life. china is soon to pass the u.s. as the number one market for luxury brands — that’s not including the chinese expenditures in europe and elsewhere. but you know what, half of those consumers are earning a salary below 2,000 u.s. dollars. they’re not rich atall. they’re taking those bags and clothes as a sense of identity and social status. and this is a girl explicitly saying on a tv dating show that she would rather cry in a bmw than smile on a bicycle. but of course, we do have young people who would still prefer to smile, whether in a bmw or [on] a bicycle.

so in the next picture, you see a very popular phenomenon called “naked” wedding, or “naked” marriage. it does not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding, but it shows that these young couples are ready to get married without a house, without a car, without a diamond ring and without a wedding banquet, to show their commitment to true love. and also, people are doing good through social media. and the first picture showed us that a truck caging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs for food processing was spotted andstopped on the highway with the whole country watching through le were donating money, dog food and offering volunteer work to stop that truck. and after hours of negotiation, 500 dogs were rescued. and here also people are helping to find missing children. a father posted his son’s picture onto the internet. after thousands of [unclear], the child was found, and we witnessed the reunion of the family through microblogging.

so happiness is the most popular word we have heardthrough the past two years. happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values, but also, it’s about the environment. people are thinking about the following questions: are we going to sacrifice our environment further to produce higher gdp? how are we going to perform our social and political reform to keep pace with economic growth, to keep sustainability and stability? and also, how capable is the system ofself-correctness to keep more people content with all sorts of friction goingon at the same time? i guess these are the questions people are going to answer. and our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves.

thank you very much.

譯文：

來蘇格蘭(做ted講演)的前夜，我被邀請去上海做”中國達人秀“決賽的評委。在裝有八萬現場觀衆的演播廳裏，在臺上的表演嘉賓居然是(來自蘇格蘭的，因參加英國達人秀走紅的)蘇珊大媽(susan boyle)。我告訴她，“我明天就要啓程去蘇格蘭。” 她唱得很動聽，還對觀衆說了幾句中文，她並沒有說簡單的”你好“或者”謝謝“，她說的是——“送你蔥”。爲什麼?這句話其實來源於中國版的“蘇珊大媽”——一位五十歲的以賣菜爲生，卻對西方歌劇有出奇愛好的上海中年婦女(蔡洪平)。這位中國的蘇珊大媽並不懂英文，法語或意大利文，所以她將歌劇中的詞彙都換做中文中的蔬菜名，並且演唱出來。在她口中，歌劇《圖蘭朵》的最後一句便是“song ni cong”。當真正的英國蘇珊大媽唱出這一句“中文的”《圖蘭朵》時，全場的八萬觀衆也一起高聲歌唱，場面的確有些滑稽。

我想susan boyle和這位上海的買菜農婦的確屬於人羣中的少數。她們是最不可能在演藝界成功的，而她們的勇氣和才華讓她們成功了，這個節目和舞臺給予了她們一個實現個人夢想的機會。這樣看來，與衆不同好像沒有那麼難。從不同的方面審視，我們每個人都是不同的。但是我想，與衆不同是一件好事，因爲你代表了不一樣的觀點，你擁有了做改變的機會。

我這一代中國人很幸運的目睹並且參與了中國在過去二三十年中經歷的鉅變。我記得1990年，當我剛大學畢業時，我申請了當時北京的第一家五星級酒店——長城喜來登酒店的銷售部門的工作。這家酒店現在仍在北京。當我被一位日本籍經理面試了一個半小時之後，他問到，“楊小姐，你有什麼想問我的嗎?”，我屏住呼吸，問道“是的，你能告訴我，具體我需要銷售些什麼嗎?” 當時的我，對五星級酒店的銷售部門沒有任何概念，事實上，那是我第一次進到一家五星級酒店。

我當時也在參加另一場“面試”，中國國家電視臺的首次公開試鏡，與我一起參與選拔的還有另外1000名大學女畢業生。節目製作人說，他們希望找到一位甜美，無辜(lol)，漂亮的新鮮面孔。輪到我的時候，我問道“爲什麼在電視屏幕上，女性總應該表現出甜美漂亮，甚至是服從性的一面?爲什麼她們不能有她們自己的想法和聲音?“我覺得我的問題甚至有點冒犯到了他。但實際上，他們對我的表現印象深刻。我進入了第二輪選拔，第三輪，第四輪，直至最後的第七場選拔，我是唯一一個走到最後的試鏡者。我從此走上了國家電視臺黃金時段的熒幕。你可能不相信，但在當時，我所主持的電視節目是中國第一個，不讓主持人念已經審覈過的稿件的節目(掌聲)。我每週需要面對兩億到三億左右的電視觀衆。

幾年以後，我決定來美國哥倫比亞大學繼續深造，之後也開始運營自己的媒體公司，這也是我在職業生涯初始時所沒有預料到的。我的公司做很多不同的業務，在過去這些年裏，我訪談過一千多人。經常有年輕人對我說，“楊瀾，你改變了我的人生”，我對此感到非常自豪。我也幸運的目睹了整個國家的轉變：我參與了北京申奧和上海世博會。我看到中國在擁抱這個世界，而世界也進一步的接受中國。但有時我也在想，今天的年輕人的生活是什麼樣的?他們(與我們相比)有什麼不同?他們將帶給中國，甚至整個世界的未來一些怎樣的變化?

我想通過社交媒體來談一談中國的年輕人們。首先，他們是誰，他們是什麼樣子?這是一位叫郭美美的女孩兒，20歲，年輕漂亮。她在中國版的twitter上——新浪微博上，炫耀她所擁有的奢侈品，衣服，包和車。她甚至宣稱她是中國紅十會的工作人員。她沒有意識到她的行爲觸及了中國民衆極爲敏感的神經，這引發了一場全民大討論，民衆開始質疑紅十會的公信力。中國紅十會爲了平息這場爭議甚至舉辦了一場記者會來澄清，直至今日，對於”郭美美事件“的調查仍在繼續。

時至今日，我們所知道的事實是，她謊報了她的頭銜，可能是因爲她的虛榮心，希望把自己和慈善機構聯繫起來。所有那些奢侈品都是她的男朋友給她買的，而那位”男朋友 “的確曾經是紅十會的工作人員。這解釋起來很複雜，總之，公衆對他們的解釋仍然不滿意，這仍然是在風口浪尖的一件事。這件事體現出(中國社會)對長期不透明的政府機關的不信任，同時也表現出社交媒體(微博)巨大的社會影響力。

微博在XX年得到了爆炸性的增長，微博的訪問用戶增長了一倍，用戶的訪問時間是XX年的三倍。新浪()，一個最主要的微博平臺，擁有 1.4億的微博用戶，而騰訊擁有兩億用戶。(在中國)最有名的微博主——不是我——是一位電影明星，她擁有近九百五十萬”粉絲“。接近80%的微博用戶是年輕人，三十歲以下。因爲傳統媒體還在政府的強力控制之下，社交媒體提供了一個開放的平臺進行了一些(民衆觀點的)分流。因爲這樣分流的渠道並不多，從這個平臺上爆發出的能量往往非常強烈，有時候甚至過於強烈。

通過微博，我們可以更好的瞭解到中國的年輕一代。首先，他們中的大多數都出生在八零九零年代，在獨生子女的生育政策的大背景下長大。因爲偏好男孩的家庭會選擇性的墮胎，現在(中國)的年輕男性的數量多過年輕女性三千萬，這可能帶來社會的不穩定(危險)，但是我們知道，在這個全球化的社會中，他們可能可以去其他國家找女朋友。大多數人都擁有良好的教育。這一代中國人中的文盲率已經低於1%。在城市中，80%的孩子可以上大學，但他們將要面對的是一個，有接近7%的人口都是老年人的社會，這個數在2030年會增長到15%。在這個國家，傳統是讓年輕人來從經濟上和醫療上來支持老年人，這意味着，一對年輕的夫妻將需要支持四個平均年齡是73歲的老人。

所以對於年輕人而言，生活並不是容易。本科畢業生也不在是緊缺資源。在城市中，本科生的月起薪通常是400美元(2500人民幣)，而公寓的平均月租金卻是500美元。所以他們的解決方式是合租——擠在有限的空間中以節省開支，他們叫自己”蟻族。“ 對於那些準備好結婚並希望購買一套公寓的中國年輕夫婦而言，他們發現他們必須要不間斷的工作30到40年纔可以負擔得起一套公寓。對於同樣的美國年輕夫婦而言，他們只需要五年時間。

在近兩億的涌入城市的農民工中，他們中的60%都是年輕人。他們發現自己被夾在了城市和農村中，大多數人不願意回到農村，但他們在城市也找不到歸屬感。他們工作更長的時間卻獲得更少的薪水和社會福利。他們也更容易面臨失業，受到通貨膨脹，銀行利率，人民幣升值的影響，甚至美國和歐盟對於中國製造產品的抵制也會影響到他們。去年，在中國南方的一個製造工廠裏，有十三位年輕的工人選擇了結束自己的生命，一個接一個，像一場傳染病。他們輕生的原因各有不同，但整個事件提醒了中國社會和政府，需要更多的關注這些在精神上和生理上都與外界脫節的年輕農民工人。

對於那些回到農村的年輕人，他們所經歷的城市生活，所學到的知識，技巧和建立的社會網絡，讓他們通常更受歡迎。特別是在互聯網的幫助下，他們更有可能獲得工作，提升農村的農業水平和發展新的商業機會。在過去的一些年中，一些沿海的城鎮甚至出現了勞動力短缺。

這些圖片展現出整體的社會背景。第一張圖片是恩格斯係數(食品支出佔總消費支出的比例)，可以看到在過去的十年中，食物和生活必需品在家庭消費中的比例有所下降(37%)，然後在過去的兩年中，這項指數上升到39%，說明近兩年中生活成本的攀升。基尼係數早已越過了危險的0.4，到達0.5——這甚至高過了美國——體現出極大的貧富差距，所以我們纔看到整個社會的失衡。同時，“仇富心態”也開始在整個社會蔓延，任何與腐敗和走後門相關的政府或商業醜聞都會引發社會危機和不穩定。

通過微博上很火的話題，我們可以看到年輕人的關注點。社會公正和政府的公信力是他們首要需求的。在過去的十年中，急速的城市化讓民衆讀到太多強制私人住戶拆遷的新聞，這引發了年輕一代的憤怒和不理解。有時候，被拆遷的住戶以自殺和自焚的方式來抗議(強制拆遷行爲)。當這些事件越來越常在互聯網上被揭露出來，人們期待政府可以採取一些更積極的制止行動。

好消息是，今年早些時候，人民代表大會通過了一項關於房屋徵用和拆遷的新法規，將徵用和拆遷的權利從當地政府移交到了法庭。相同的，很多其他與公共安全相關的問題也在互聯網上被熱烈討論。我們聽到有太多空氣污染，水污染，有毒食品的報道。你甚至都想不到，我們還有假牛肉。人們用一種特殊的材料加入雞肉和魚肉中，然後以牛肉的價格進行出售。最近，人們對食用油也很擔憂，大量的餐館被發現在使用“地溝油“。所有這些事件引發了互聯網上民衆觀點的大爆發。幸運的是，我們看到了政府正在更積極和更及時的對這些民衆的質疑給予迴應。

一方面，年輕人越來越積極的參與到公共事務中;另一方面，他們也在尋找或者說迷失與個人生活的價值和定位。中國很快就要超過美國，成爲世界上第一大奢侈品消費國——這還不包括中國人在國外的消費。但你知道嗎，超過半數中國的奢侈品消費者的(年)收入都低於兩千美元。他們其實並不富裕，他們用那些奢侈品牌的服裝和包體現身份和社會地位。這是一位在電視節目上公然表明，自己寧願在寶馬車裏哭也不坐在自行車後笑的年輕女孩。當然，我們也有更多的年輕人，喜歡微笑，不管是在寶馬還是在自行車上。

在下一幅圖中，你看到的是現在非常流行的”裸婚“，這並不代表這“裸露出席婚禮”，這體現的是年輕人願意接受結婚不買房，不買車，不買鑽戒，甚至不辦婚宴的這個現實，作爲對純樸的真愛的致敬。但同時，人們也在通過社交媒體做一些善事。這副圖片裏，這輛車上裝有500只被”綁架“來，準備被送去屠宰的狗，這輛車被網友們發現後，人們開始通過微博關注事態的進展，並且通過捐錢，捐食物和做義工來試圖攔截該車。在幾個小時的周旋後，這500條狗獲救並被放生。有更多的人在通過微博尋找丟失的孩子。一位父親將他失散的兒子的照片發佈到微博上，在幾千條”轉發“之後，他的兒子被找到，家庭的團聚也在微博上被報道出來。

“幸福(感)”是近兩年中國的流行詞彙。幸福感不僅僅與個人體驗和價值觀相關，更多的，它與環境息息相關。人們在思考：我們是否要犧牲環境來提升gdp?我們要怎樣進行社會和政治體制的改革來應對經濟的發展，保持穩定性和可持續性發展?同時，這個系統的自我修正能力是否足夠強大，是否能夠讓生活在其中的人民接受在前進過程中的各種壓力和困難?我想這些都是中國人民需要回答的問題，而中國的年輕一代將在改變這個國家的過程中也改變自己。

非常感謝。

i'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps we don't understand as much as we think we do. i'd like to begin with four questions. this is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year. that's an in-joke, by the way.

我會試着解釋爲何 我們知道的東西很可能並沒有我們自以爲知道的多 我想從四個問題開始,不是那種今年流行的文化問題 對了，剛剛那句是個圈內笑話

but these four questions, actually, are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard. and they're questions that i've asked of science television producers, of audiences of science educators -- so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds, and i find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.

不過這四個問題，事實上 即使是很懂科學的人也會覺得很難應答 我拿這些問題去問科學節目製片人 問那些有科學教育背景的觀衆 也問教科學的老師還有七歲孩童 我發現七歲孩童答得比其他人好 這是有些令人驚訝

so the first question, and you might want to write this down, either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper in your head. and, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.

第一個問題，我建議你把問題記下來 抄在紙上，或想像中的紙上 坐在電腦前的你也可以試著作答.

a little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right? i think we agree on that. where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair, right? where does all this stuff come from?

種籽很輕，而大樹很重，是嗎?我想我們都同意吧，大樹用來製成椅子的東西是從哪來的? 對吧?這些東西都是怎麼來的?

(knocks)

(敲椅聲)

and your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire? and would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram, if you had to do it? or would you just say, that's actually not possible?

問題二，你能否點亮一個小燈泡 只用1個電池、1個燈泡、和1條電線? 那你能畫出上述問題的圖解嗎?不用真的畫 但如果需要的話， 你能畫出來嗎? 還是你會說 這個不可能?

the third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? i think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter, but why? and finally, would you be able to -- and you can sort of scribble it, if you like -- scribble a plan diagram of the solar system, showing the shape of the planets' orbits? would you be able to do that? and if you can, just scribble a pattern.

第三個問題，爲什麼夏天比冬天熱? 大家應該都同意夏天比冬天還熱 但爲何如此?最後，你能不能 簡單的勾勒出 太陽系的平面圖... 呈現出行星軌道運行的形狀 你可以畫得出來嗎? 你畫得出來的話，就把形狀畫出來

ok. now, children get their ideas not from teachers, as teachers often think, but actually from common sense, from experience of the world around them, from all the things that go on between them and their peers, and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. experience. and one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him, cardinal wolsey. be very careful what you get into people's heads because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?

好，孩童對事物的概念不是老師教的 老師時常這麼以爲，但實際上概念來自於常理 來自於孩童對周遭世界的體驗 來自於他們跟同伴彼此交流 還有跟保姆、父母親、所有人交流的經驗 這個領域中的一個專家，對了，願他安息 就是渥西主教，他說要你將東西放進其他人的鬧袋裏的時候要小心 因爲那些東西幾乎不會再改變，對吧?

(laughter)

(笑聲)

i'm not quite sure how he died, actually. was he beheaded in the end, or hung?

我不太清楚他的死因，真的 他最後上了斷頭臺?還是被吊死?

(laughter)

(笑聲)

now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right, and you haven't been conferring, and so on. and i -- you know, normally, i would pick people out and humiliate, but maybe not in this instance.

現在回到那四個問題，大家都知道是什麼問題了 你們彼此之間也沒有討論答案 我平時習慣點人站起來回答讓他丟臉 不過這次就不點了

a little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff, 99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air. now, i guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at ted, will have said it comes out of the ground. and some people, probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards, and say that actually, it comes out of the ground. now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country, filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business. but, actually, we don't do that. the mass of this comes out of the air. now, i passed all my biology exams in britain. i passed them really well, but i still came out of school thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.

種籽可以很重，基本上所有的這些 99%都來自於空氣 我相信有85%的人，或許在你們ted會比較少 會說木材來自於大地，而有些人 也許你們中的一兩位， 可能結束後會來找我爭論 說木材其實是來自於大地 若是如此，那我們就會有讓卡車跑來跑去 把人們的花園都填上土，那會是很棒的生意。 不過實際上我們不會那麼做 因爲木材的材料大部分其實是從空氣中來的 我在英國唸書時考生物每考必過 我的成績很好，但畢業後 還是以爲木材來自於大地

second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire? yes, you can, and i'll show you in a second how to do that. now, i have some rather bad news, which is that i had a piece of video that i was about to show you, which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room, so i'm going to describe to you, in true "monty python" fashion, what happens in the video. and in the video, a group of researchers go to mit on graduation day. we chose mit because, obviously, that's a very long way away from here, and you wouldn't mind too much, but it sort of works the same way in britain and in the west coast of the usa. and we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them. and so, there's a whole lot of people saying, "i'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air. that's very surprising to me." and those are science graduates. and we intercut it with, "we are the premier science university in the world," because of british-like hubris.

你能用一枚電池和一根電線點亮燈泡嗎? 是，你可以，我會示範怎麼做。 不過，現在有個壞消息 本來有個影片要給大家看 可惜在這邊聲音放不出來 所以我就口頭描述一下的，用巨蟒劇團的表演方式， 影片內容是這樣的，在影片裏有一羣研究員 在畢業典禮那天去麻省理工學院 爲什麼是麻省理工呢?因爲它離這裏很遠 大家也就不會太介意 不過場景設在英國結果也差不多 或是設在美國西岸 我們問了麻省理工的畢業生這四個問題 這些理工科畢業生也答不出來 而且還有很多學生表示 “我很驚訝你說木材是從空氣中來的 ”這真的讓我很吃驚“，那些理工的畢業生這麼說 我們用”我們是全球第一的理工大學“來作影片的結尾。 因爲英國人很傲慢

(laughter)

(笑聲)

and when we gave graduate engineers that question, they said it couldn't be done. and when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb, and said, "can you do it?" they couldn't do it. right? and that's no different from imperial college in london, by the way, it's not some sort of anti-american thing going on.

我們拿第二個問題去問碩士畢業的工程師們 他們說這不可能做得到 我們拿了電池、電線、和燈泡 問他們”你能做到嗎?“，他們沒辦法，是吧? 順道一提，倫敦的帝國學院的情況估計也差不多如此 我們不是在做什麼反美的事

as if. now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money for teaching people -- we might as well get it right. and there are also some societal reasons why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening in photosynthesis. for example, one half of the carbon equation is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation, as i'm very conscious as a trustee of kew, is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

雖然聽來頗像。問題的關鍵是我們花了很多錢 來教育大衆，我們應該正確地來做這件事。 其中也有一些社會因素 讓我們想使大衆瞭解光合作用如何運作 例如，有一半的碳儲量是人類排放的 而另一半碳儲量 我相當關切，身爲皇家植物園的受託管理人

that's what plants actually do for a living. and, for any finnish people in the audience, this is a finnish pun: we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice if we don't understand that kind of , here's how you do the battery and the bulb. it's so easy, isn't it? of course, you all knew that. but if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb, if you've only seen a circuit diagram, you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.

是植物吸收多少二氧化碳 植物就是以此維生的 如果在場有芬蘭人，這是芬蘭話的雙關語 我們無論在實際上或隱喻上，都是如履薄冰 要是我們不明白那些事 電池和燈泡只要這要做就行 很簡單，不是嗎?你們都懂了 但要是你沒有親手碰過電池和燈泡 如果你只看過電路圖 你可能就做不出來，這是個麻煩

so, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? we learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot, and it burns you. it's a very powerful bit of learning, and it happens pretty early on. by extension, we think to ourselves, "why it's hotter in summer than in winter must be because we're closer to the sun." i promise you that most of you will have got that. oh, you're all shaking your heads, but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.

那麼，爲何夏天比冬天熱? 我們從小就知道，離熱的東西太近 你就被燙到，這真很有效的教育方法 很小的時候大家就學到了 延伸這個論點，我們覺得夏天比冬天熱 一定是因爲我們離太陽比較近 我相信大多人都懂了 哦，大家都在搖頭 不過只有幾個人搖得很堅定

other ones are kind of going like this. all right. it's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the sun are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the earth. and if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't. the sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right? it makes no odds. in fact, in the northern hemisphere, we're further from the sun in summer, as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.

其他人只是這樣子搖而已，好吧 夏天比冬天熱是因爲太陽的輻射線 傳播得比較多，地球傾斜的關係 如果你以爲是朝太陽的方向傾斜，那就錯了 太陽離地球1億5千萬公里，地球傾斜角度大略如此 傾斜不是差別所在，在北半球 夏天時我們離太陽更遠 跟傾斜沒有關係

ok, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system. if you believe, as most of you probably do, that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the sun, you must have drawn an ellipse. right? that would explain it, right? except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse, have you thought, "well, what happens during the night?"

好，問題四是畫出太陽系的平面圖 如果大家相信，大多數可能都相信 夏天比冬天熱是因爲地球離太陽較近 大家應該都畫了橢圓形 對吧?這就能解釋了吧? 除非，你點頭了，你畫了個橢圓形 你有想過，「夜晚又是怎麼回事」?

between australia and here, right, they've got summer and we've got winter, and what -- does the earth kind of rush towards the sun at night, and then rush back again? i mean, it's a very strange thing going on, and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right, and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.

澳洲和美國這邊，澳洲是夏天 這邊是冬天，難道說 地球在晚上會衝向太陽 然後再衝回來?這實在很奇怪 我們腦中有兩種思考模式，對的和錯的 身爲人類，我們在很多領域都這樣思考

so, here's copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan. that's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. right? and this is nasa's view. they're stunningly similar. i hope you notice the coincidence here.

左邊是哥白尼畫的太陽系平面圖 跟你們紙上畫的差不多，對吧 右邊是nasa的版本，兩張圖非常相似 我希望大家注意其中的巧合 要是你知道人們有錯誤觀念

what would you do if you knew that people had this misconception, right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits caused by our experiences as children? what sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system, to show that it's not really like that? you'd show them something like this, wouldn't you? it's a plan, looking down from above. but, no, look what i found in the textbooks. that's what you show people, right?

你會怎麼做 在他們腦中，楕圓形的軌道 是他們兒時經驗教的嗎? 你會給他們看什麼樣的太陽系示意圖? 證明太陽系不是他們想的那樣 你會給他們看這種圖嗎? 這是俯瞰的平面圖 可是並非如此，瞧瞧我在教科書裏找到的 你會給他們看這種圖對吧?

these are from textbooks, from websites, educational websites -- and almost anything you pick up is like that. and the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring to have a load of concentric circles, whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle, isn't it? right?

出自教科書 出自教育網站 你找得到的幾乎都是這種圖 會以這種視角呈現是因爲 只有一堆同心圓太死板無趣 從這種視角看太陽系比較新鮮刺激 不是嗎?

and by doing it at that angle, if you've got that misconception in your head, then that two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses. so you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? as we say.

因爲弄成這種視角 如果你腦中有了這種誤解 用二度空間來呈現三度空間就會變成橢圓形 這真是糟糕，可不是嗎?

so, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models. we do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else, and we do it in science as well. so we look, just look -- and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.

因此，我們尋求證據來增強我們的心智模式 我們用這種方式處理種族、政治、所有事 當然也用這種方式處理科學，我們只觀看 是科學家在這麼做，我們不斷尋求證據 來增強我們的心智模式，有些人很有辦法 也樂意提供證據來增強那些模式

so, being i'm in the united states, i'll have a dig at the europeans. these are examples of what i would say is bad practice in science teaching centers.

所以我現在人在美國，就會說歐洲人的壞話 這些圖片都是我認爲不良的科學教育

these pictures are from la villette in france and the welcome wing of the science museum in london. and, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed, there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional -- in that way that, you know, woody allen comes up from under the sheets in that scene in "annie hall," and said, "god, that's so professional." and that you don't -- there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right, and, you know, pun intended.

類似教學中心，這些圖取自法國維葉特科博館 以及倫敦科博館的迎賓翼展示區 你看看這些東西建成的模樣 有很多玻璃隔板，藍光色調，弄得很專業似的 那種方式，就像是伍迪艾倫從牀單裏冒出來 在《安妮霍爾》戲中的那一幕 他說“老天，這真是太專業了” 這其中沒有熱情，沒有動手參與，是嗎 這是個雙關，不過也有好的教學方法

whereas good interpretation -- i'll use an example from nearby -- is san francisco exploratorium, where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on, are made out of everyday objects that children can understand, it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with. and i know that if the graduates at mit and in the imperial college in london had had the battery and the wire and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it, they would have learned how it actually works, rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it. so good interpretation is more about things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right? and things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier of a piece of glass or machined titanium, and it all looks fantastic, ok?

我舉一個例子，離這裏很近，舊金山探索館 在那裏所有的東西，展示品之類的 都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的 都可以動手玩，孩子們可以專心玩好好體驗 我知道麻省理工畢業生 以及倫敦帝國學院畢業生 手上有電池電線點亮燈泡的話 他們會明白其中的原理 而不是覺得他們照着電路圖來做是做不到的 好的教學方法不是 沉溺陶醉在自己世界裏對吧? 那些東西也不該被隔着 用玻璃或是鈦製品隔開 看起來很漂亮就好，好嗎?

and the exploratorium does that really, really well. and it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense, in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.

舊金山探索館在這點做得非常好 看上去很業餘，但業餘得很對頭 也就是說，根本的出發點是出自愛和熱情

so, children are not empty vessels, ok?so, as "monty python" would have it, this is a bit lord privy seal to say so, but this is -- children are not empty vessels.

所以，孩童不是空瓶子 用“巨蟒劇團”的說法 就是有點像英國掌璽大臣會說的 意思是說孩童不是空無一物的瓶子

they come with their own ideas and their own theories, and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them, right?

他們生來就有自己的想法和理念 如果你沒從這些地方着手，就改變不了他們 對吧?

and i probably haven't shifted your ideas of how the world and universe operates, either. but this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.

我大概沒有改變大家的想法 對於世界和宇宙到底如何運作 不過這些道理同樣可以用在推銷新科技上也

for example, we are, in britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover of the whole population into digital technology [for television].

例如，在英國，我們試着把全部的電視 都換成新科技的數位電視

and it's one of the difficult things is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works, it's quite difficult to shift those.

有個難題是 人們對事物運作的方式一旦有了成見 就很難去改變

so we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have as children persist into adulthood. poor teaching actually does more harm than good.

我們不是空瓶子，我們保有心智模式 從幼年到成年一直都存在 不良的教學是弊多於利

in this country and in britain, magnetism is understood better by children before they've been to school than afterwards, ok? same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling, as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after, that's quite worrying. they do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.

在美國和英國，在磁力知識上 孩童在就學前學得比較好 重力知識也一樣，兩個不同概念，這實在可悲 如果你是個老師，看見受教前和受教後的差別 實在令人憂心，學童在受教後考得更差

and we collude. we design tests, or at least in britain, so that people pass them. right? and governments do very well. they pat themselves on the back. ok?

我們都是共犯，我們設計測驗方式 至少在英國是這樣，好讓人們能通過考試 政府也幫了不少忙，他們推波助瀾 懂嗎?

we collude, and actually if you -- if someone had designed a test for me when i was doing my biology exams, to really understand, to see whether i'd understood more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together and seeing it go blue, and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air, then i might have done better at science. so the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.

我們都是共犯 如果有人替我設計測驗 在我要考生物的時候 讓我能真正明白，明白我是否真的懂了 不是隻在澱粉中加入碘液 看着反應呈現藍色 而且能真正明白植物是從空氣中茁壯的 我的科學可能就會學得比較好 所以，最重要的是要讓人們能表述清楚他們的模型

your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift? an obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads. and the second question to that then is, ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down. ah ha, right.

回家作業是，機翼是怎樣幫助飛機起飛的? 這問題很好懂，大家心中也有答案了 注意事項是 你要確保自己能解釋爲何飛機頭向下的時候也能飛， 對吧

second question is, why is the sea blue? all right? and you've all got an idea in your head of the answer. so, why is it blue on cloudy days? ah, see.

問題二，海爲何是藍色的? 大家心中應該都有答案了 那麼，爲什麼陰天時海還是藍的?看吧 (笑聲) 我一直想在美國講這句話

(laughter)

(笑聲)

i've always wanted to say that in this country. (laughter) finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children, and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff, because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know, you complement your other learning. it's not a replacement, it's just part of learning that's important. thank you very much. now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.

最後，我希望大家能讓自己，還有孩子 以及任何你認識的人，去動手接觸事物 因爲親自接觸了事物，你知道的 你就補足了其他方面的學習不足，這不是替換 這只是學習中很重要的一部分 謝謝大家 那麼，噢，沒關係，繼續吧

(applause)

(鼓掌)