長沙導遊詞3篇

The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha

Ladies and gentlemen,

Welcome to Changsha museum. We’ll be here to visit “The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha and The Years of Unearthed Most Valuable Cultural Relics”. I hope my explanation can satisfy you!

Now, we are in the first exhibition hall. Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom. In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with Ping He Tang Department. The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams. They unearth 61 archaic wells during the Warring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on. To people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden slips. After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago. These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly. Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet. Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.

Everybody! Please look at the cross section reconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well. Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating. This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft; the bottom has a bag form likely. The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth. The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer. The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form. The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time. There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics. The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix up with lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on. At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame. The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall. The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall. The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, and then put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry. This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.

Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food. The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator. The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.

You may ask that, why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements. The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry. The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.

Now please look at the photo. This is the photo of unearthing the No.22 well. We can see that the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the mud. Why can they be kept intact for over 1700 years? One of the important reasons is that the ground water level in Changsha was very high, and the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the water. Besides, they were buried deeply; they can be sealed up wall. With these, they can be kept intact for over 1700 years.

Next, let's visit the second exhibition room. In this room we can get the detailed introduction of the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Before we visit, I have a question to ask. Do you know whether the words on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were written or carved on them? With the question, let's look at the photo of the pottery figurine. This pottery figurine was unearthed in a Western Jin tomb in Jinpenling in Changsha in 1950s. On the left of the photo there is a man handing a wooden slip and reading something, the man on the right who were holding a hair pencil in a hand and a wooden slip in the other was writing something. The pottery figurine shows us the condition of ancients writing on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Now, we can say, the word on the bamboo tablets and slips were written on them. Did you guess it?

To see another set of photos. This is a hair pencil unearthed from one of the tombs of the Warring State at Zuojiagong Mountain of Changsha in 1954. Its shaft is long and small but easy to be broken. On the side of it there is a bamboo pipe used for containing the pen when it is collected and preserved. This is an ink stone with little ink blocks near it. Here also remains a bronze chopping knife which is used for the calligrapher to make inscribed bamboo and wooden slips and correct writing mistakes. This is a set of photos of calligraphy tools discovered in No.168 Tomb in Jinan city of former capital of Chu State. In addition to this, there are 6 pieces of wooden slips without character. This is also the most complete and most typical set of Han Dynasty’s stationery ever seen up to now. Uniting our ancient people calculates the number of the inscribed bamboo tablets and wooden slips are not “slice”, but “jin”. It is recorded in history that the 1st emperor of Qin Dynasty did not have a rest until he finished reading over 120 jin of memorial to throne and inscribed bamboo and wooden slips.

Please notice the following brief tablet about information of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from all parts of the nation from this century. Among this, the column in red character is the number of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips excavated from Changsha this time. The number this time has exceeded the total amount of that unearthed from all parts of the nation these years. Therefore, it is named as “the surprising wonder of the world”and “one of the most important archaeological discoveries of this century.”

It is well known that document history in the Three Kingdom Period handed down is very rare.”The Annals of Three Kingdom”by Chenshou in Xijin has 65 volumes, among which there are 30 volumes of Wei Book, 15 volumes of Shu Book, 20 volumes of Wu Book with total of more than 1 million characters. Over the years, the unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets in nationwide archaeology is also rarely seen and only exist tens of pieces in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei nowadays in Changsha, the total number of the excavation of the inscribed bamboo from Wu State in Three Kingdom Period reaches 10 thousand pieces for just one time and the total wordage reaches more than 3 million if counted with 20 words in each piece. These character materials greatly surpass the total wordage in that of the “Annals of Three Kingdom”, which offers abundant material for the study of social economy, political system, inscribed bamboo and volume system, history and geography and also fill the vacancy of historic works. We can forecast that the discovery of inscribed bamboo slips from Wu State in Changsha will surely influence many aspects of the Chinese historic study and anew examining and verifying the past final conclusion.

Well, let us have a look at this map. Though the series archaeological excavation around the “Wuyi square ”by our archaeological workers, we have preliminarily defined the region of the ancient Changsha extends northward to “Lao Zhaobi ”, southward to “Pozi Street”, eastward to “Cai’e Road”and westward to “Shanghe Street”which shaped rectangle. And the center of Changsha is today’s “Wuyi Square, which, we can say, hasn’t changed basically nearly 3000years.

The unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets for this time, if according to their shape, they can be distributed to big and small inscribed bamboo slips, wooden tablets and so on; if according to their use, they can be distributed to five kinds:

The first kind is document. It can be subdivided into two parts. One is the land rent document with 0.5m long, 2.5cm wide and 100 to 200 Chinese characters on. The other is the official document which recorded the distribution and exchanging of money, crops, and goods among different governmental setups. Please look at this smaller slice. It is a classified label. It shows us a monthly report recorded by two officials named Huang Wei and Pan lv in the first year of Jia He period.

Second, about judicature, which recorded some detail contents and economic cases, such as the trying, appealing and reexamining? What's on this wooden tablet is an individual case about a Du You. Du You is a kind of government official. He was sentenced to death for his corruptness of salt, but he was not convinced and appealed to a high court. However, the reexamining did not make the judge change. So he had nothing to do but accept.

The third kind is directory, somewhat like the household and registered books today. Let's look at this slice. Here the Chinese character “Rong Li”was a name of some place in Changsha. This whole sentence means there is a man named He Qin, 55 years old, lived in Rong Li. His dukedom is Gong Cheng. And here "Suan Yi" means can be counted as one of a taxpayer;" Xing Liang Zu" refers to whose legs had been cut off. The directory served as a registered permanent resident, which put down people's name, age, position and something we can't find in our registered permanent resident---physical condition.

The fourth one is calling card. It mainly referred to paying respect, giving gift and administrative affairs, as visiting cards we use today.

The last kind is the wooden tablet on account which recorded the managing account of departments belongs to Changsha government.

Please look at these historical relics again. This blue and green porcelain in the Three Kingdoms and Tow Jin Dynasties were discovered in ZouMalou ancient well. Look, their glazed colors is sparking and crystal-clear, the decorate are simple and element. The second among them is called "Chichen-Head Potting", the potting is coronal form, guides the neck and proceeded high, and the modeling of it is very beautiful. These potting were very popular in Jin Dynasty. They were used as pitcher and chalice.

Everybody has seen many photos, has listened to so much explanation, now we come to see the original of the bamboo slips, wooden tablets or slips for writing.

Now, you see in the pyramid shape exhibition cupboard, it is a bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips original that explored in Zoumalou in the ancient well of the building this time. The bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are the material that the ancient remains of our country come down to write. Among them the narrow and long bamboo, the wood chips are called "Jian", the generous wood chips called "Du". You must distinguish one from the other, not wood make are named "Du", what bamboo make named "Jian". Jian has the wooden one, too. Ok, the right side of I there set some inscribed wooden tablets, the middle are heavy inscribed wooden slips. In the left, they are bamboo slips that pressed under the transparent glass. The characters on the bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are simple and clear. It's easily can be distinguished. The script is the transition from Lishu to Regular script.

These kinds of inscribed wooden slips and inscribed wooden tablets are made in shirt woods. The quality of these trees is pre-pressing. It is intact to keep. The raw materials of inscribed bamboo slips is bamboo whose quality is loose, apt and crooked and out of shape, so it in displaying and need press when exhibiting. The ancients have several procedures to make the bamboo slips. First, they cut the bamboo into bamboo slips, and then burnished them in order to make them smooth, these smooth slips called “Jian”. But people could not write on the wet bamboo slips. Then, they roasted dry the wet bamboo slips. While roasting, there was some water steaming out. The water looked like sweet, so people called those “Sweet Qing”or “Sha Qing”.

The “Guo Ling Ding Yang”of Wen Tianxiang said that “Since ancient times, who has no death? Remaining sincere heart to finish ‘Sweet Qing’.

Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha has very strong historical value, article value and scientific value, so the provincial leaders, city leaders and related experts decided to set up an exhibition of bamboo tablets and wooden slips.

嶽麓書院創辦於北宋開寶九年。即公元976年,是中國宋代著名的四大書院之一。它經歷宋、元、明、清四個朝代,在清光緒二十九年,即19XX年,改製爲湖南高等學堂。以後多次更名和調整,於1926年正式定名湖南大學,期間歷時千年,絃歌不絕,故稱“千年學府”。

門前的對聯“千百年楚才導源於此近世紀湘學與日爭光.”是由中國社會科學院哲學研究所研究員、中國書法家協會副主席虞愚先生撰寫。它概括了嶽麓書院在培育人才和發展學術方面的歷史地位和作用。

進入大門我們可以看到全國重點文物保護單位的標誌。嶽麓書院目前是國內歷史最悠久、保存最完整、規模最大的一所古代書院。中國書院始於唐朝,當時只是藏書、讀書和編書的地方。北宋時期,統治者實行“偃武修文”政策,鼓勵民間辦學,書院的教育功能凸現出來,並得以迅速發展,成爲與政府辦的官學,民間辦的私學並存的一種新的教育制度。當時,最著名的書院有河南商丘的應天書院、河南登封的蒿陽書院、江西廬山的白麓書院和長沙的嶽麓書院等四所。但是隻有嶽麓書院延續辦學千年,發展成現代的大學--湖南大學。所以嶽麓書院可以說是中國教育的縮影。

請您繼續前行,登上前面的古戲臺。

赫曦臺

我們登上的古戲臺,名叫赫曦臺。“赫曦”出自屈原的《離騷》,“赫”指紅色,“曦”指朝霞,赫曦臺原是建於嶽麓山頂的觀日臺。南宋乾道年間,宋代著名的理學家朱熹應嶽麓書院的山長張拭的邀請來書院講學,清晨他們一同上嶽麓山頂登臺看日出。後來山頂的赫曦臺荒廢了。清乾隆五十一年,嶽麓書院的山長羅典在書院前面建了這座臺。道光元年,山長歐陽厚均將此臺改名爲“赫曦臺”,以記念朱熹和張拭。

赫曦臺石砌臺基,居高開闊。在臺上的左右內壁上有高約兩米的“福”、“壽”二,說到“福壽”二,還有一個故事。

傳說嘉慶十二年鄉試以後,州縣長官在書院宴請中舉的舉人。此時來了一位腳蹬草鞋的老道人,衆人見來客是個無名老道,便戲謔地叫他寫個看看。道人見狀,一手拈鬚,一手提起堂前的掃把,沾上黃泥,寫下一個丈餘高的“壽”,揚長而去,衆人目瞪口呆。在看那,健筆如龍，力透骨肌,方知遇到仙人。其後山長羅典爲彌過失,也爲了對稱,補書了一“福”。但這福的筆力就大不如“壽”。除去故事的傳奇色彩,福壽也是中國老百姓的一種期盼。你看赫曦臺頂部雕飾的八掛圖,還有壽、蝙蝠圖案,也是象徵“福”、“壽”的意思。赫曦臺上的屏風正面是嶽麓書院總體平面圖.現在我們看到的嶽麓書院面積爲兩平方米,建築面積約7千平方米.書院分爲四個部分:講堂及兩邊的齋舍是教學區/講堂後面御書樓是藏區;講堂後方，包括文廟和專祠，是祭祀區;左後方是園林區。這是古代書院比較典型的格局。在屏風的另一面我們可以看到南宋著名理學家朱熹、張拭，明代著名理學家、心學創始人王守仁以及毛澤東留下的與赫曦臺有關的詩句。說明赫曦檯曆史久遠，已融入歷代名人的文化活動之中。我們站在赫曦臺往嶽麓書院大門方向看，嶽麓書院是以大門、二門、講堂、御書樓中軸對稱，縱深多進的院落。齋舍、祭祀專祠等排列於兩旁，層層遞進，有一種莊嚴、神妙、幽遠的縱深感;體現了我國儒家文化尊卑有序、主次鮮明的社會倫理關係。

請您走下赫曦臺。回頭看赫曦臺外側前後左右兩壁檐上，分別塑有〈張良進廈〉、〈老子出關〉、〈麻姑獻壽〉〈拾玉蜀〉等傳統戲曲故事，造型別致，形態自如;還有代表傳統說中的八仙的蕭、花籃等器物，都是典型的湖南地方戲臺風格。赫曦臺上還有一幅對聯：“合安利勉而爲學，通天地人之謂才”。上聯中的“安”，指安然自得;“利”指利益;“勉”強。意思是說，治學要不論安、利、勉哪種情況，只要鍥而不捨，均能達到成功的目的;下聯的意思是說，要通曉天、地、人的道理，才能稱得上“才”。也就是說要博學，以致成才。它表達出古代學者的人才觀念，是由清代的進士，曾任湖南布政使的左捕撰寫，當代書法家王超塵書寫。

大門

嶽麓書院歷史經歷過多次兵與火與重建，目前保存的是明清時期的建築和基本格局。現在看到的大門是清朝同治七年，即公元1868年重建的。門額“嶽麓書院”四爲宋代真宗皇帝的題。北宋大中祥符八年，即公元10XX年，宋代真宗皇帝認爲嶽麓書院辦學很不錯，山長周式德行稱著，特別召見周式，白拜國子監主薄，請他留在京城講學做官。但周式心繫嶽麓，不想留在京城做官，請求回嶽麓書院。皇帝就賜他經書和“嶽麓書院”御匾，懸掛於大門正十方。嶽麓書院從此名聞天下，前來求學者絡繹不絕。大門兩旁一幅著名的對聯“唯楚有才，於斯爲盛”。相傳清代嘉慶年間，嶽麓書院進行大修，完工以後，門人請山長袁名撰寫對聯。袁名出了上聯“唯楚有才”請學生應對。大家苦思不得結果。恰好貢生張中階路過，他吐口而出;“於斯爲盛”，對的十分巧妙。山長的上聯初看似乎簡單，實則有難度。上聯出自〈左傳-襄公二十六年〉：“雖楚有才，晉實用之”。這就要求下聯也出自典故。張中階對的下聯出自〈論語-泰伯〉：“孔子曰，才難，不其言乎，唐虞之際，於斯爲盛。”都出自典故，意義關切，實爲佳作。對聯中“唯”和“於”都是語氣助詞，沒有有具體意義，意思是說，楚國人才衆多，而在這裏尤爲興盛。這是前人對嶽麓書院人才輩出的讚譽。的確，嶽麓書院當時集中了一批歷史上著名的思想家和教育家，如朱熹、張拭、王陽明等;也培養了一大批光彩照人的優秀學生，如哲學大師王夫之、啓蒙思想家魏源、軍事家左宗棠、外交家郭蒿濤、維新運動領袖唐才常，以及教育家楊昌濟等等。說人才興盛，實不爲過。大門前有兩個大理石的門當，據說是宋代的作品。正面雕刻有高浮雕的“三獅戲球”，表示國泰民安，吉祥喜慶的意思;背面有“錦雞芙蓉”意爲“錦上添花”;其它圖案如梅、蘭、竹，荷花、白鷺等都反映了封建文人的世俗欲求和政治抱負。嶽麓書院是古代文人建築，它廣泛應用寓意深遠的雕刻、對聯、匾額等裝修手法，把人生哲理、傳統美德、儒家教訓等與建築結合起來，營造一種人文環境，達到教育人的目的，這是中國傳統建築文化的特徵之一。大門左右兩牆上也有一副當代學者的對聯：“治無古今，育才是急，莫漫觀四海潮流，千秋講院;學有因革，通邊爲雄，試忖度朱張意氣，毛蔡風神。 ”上聯的意思是說，無論古往今來，治理國家，都是把培育人才作爲急迫的任務，切不可忽視世界的歷史潮流和千年學府的作用。下聯的意思是說，做學問，既有繼承，有要有革新，英雄豪傑就在於能順應時勢，融會變通，試想一想，宋代的朱熹、張拭，近代的毛澤東、蔡和森，他們的治學方法，不是值得後人深思和仿效的嗎?大門前是留影的好地方。照完像後，請繼續前行。

二門

進入大門以後，我們看到的是二門。它採用五間單檐懸山結構，中間開有三張門，花崗石門框;左右爲過道，通南北齋舍。原門建於明代嘉靖元年，抗日戰爭期間曾被日本侵略者飛機炸燬，這是1984年重建的。二門門額正上方懸有“名山壇席”匾，撰者無法考證。原匾爲清同治七年所制，抗日戰爭期間曾被炸燬，先匾爲1984年複製。二門兩旁有對聯“納於大麓;藏之名山”，上聯出自〈尚書堯舜典〉，下聯出自〈史記-太史公自序〉，意爲嶽麓書院被浩瀚的林木所掩映，藏在地闊物博的嶽麓山中。撰聯者是清末“湖南高等學堂”的監督程頌萬先生。二門過廳兩邊有清代山長羅典所撰的聯;“地接衡湘，大澤深山龍虎氣;學宗鄒魯，禮門義路聖賢心”。上亮點出嶽麓書院的地裏位置，山接衡嶽，水臨湘江，深山大澤，龍盤虎踞，氣勢非凡。下聯描寫嶽麓書院繼承孔孟學說，崇尚聖賢之道，是學習禮儀的好地方。着幅對聯用22個把嶽麓書院的獨特而優越的地理環境和源遠流長的儒學說傳統描寫得淋漓盡致，恰倒好處。大門左邊有一塊大型菊花石，這是湖南瀏陽特產。花形是依天然石紋加工而成的，如此之大，是實不多見。進入二門後，請回頭看二門背面的碑匾“瀟湘槐市”。原匾爲清代學監程頌萬所撰書，抗日戰爭中被毀。先匾爲原全國人大常委會副委員長、民盟中央主席楚圖南補書。“瀟湘”泛指湖南，“槐市”指漢代長安城北的一片森林。當時京城的書生們常聚於此，或議論於槐樹下。“瀟湘槐市”指嶽麓書院是湖南的“槐市”，文人、學者經常聚集於此。意思是嶽麓書院人才之盛，有如漢代長安之槐市。繼續往前，看到的是嶽麓書院的講堂。

講堂

講堂位於書院的中心位置，是書院的教學重地和舉行重大活動的場所。北宋嶽麓書院創建時，即有“講堂”，明代稱爲“成德堂”，後改稱“靜一堂”或稱“忠孝廉節堂”。講堂檐前掛有“實事求是”匾。爲民國初期湖南工業專科學校校長賓步走程撰寫。“實事求是”源於《漢書-河間獻王劉德傳》，校長將其作爲校訓，旨在教育學生崇尚科學，追求真理。大廳中央懸掛兩塊鎦金木匾：一塊是“道南脈”匾，有乾隆皇帝御賜。這裏的“道”是指理學。戰國時期思想界是百家爭鳴，漢武帝“廢絀百家，獨尊儒家”，儒家思想開始佔統治地位。唐宋時期，一些儒學思想家吸取拂、道新的思想，發展形成儒家新的思想體系。其中以程頤和朱熹爲代表的哲學思想稱爲“理學”。嶽麓書院是朱熹傳播理學思想的基地之一，所以此匾的意思是說岳麓書院所播傳湖湘學派是理學南傳的正宗。它表示了嶽麓書院在中國理學傳播史上的地位，是皇帝對嶽麓書院傳播理學的最高評價。此匾爲原物。另一塊是“學達性天”匾，由康熙皇帝御賜，意思是人通過對理的領悟，可以認知天命，達到天人和一的地步。原匾被毀，這是1983年依康熙跡重刻。講堂屏壁正面書有《嶽麓書院記》，爲南宋乾隆道二年書院主教、著名理學家張拭撰，他闡明瞭嶽麓書院以反對科舉利祿之學，培養傳道濟民的人才爲目的的辦學思想，對書院教育具有重大影響。該文由湖南大學校友、湖南省書法協會主席周昭怡1983年書寫。屏壁背面刻有嶽麓山全景圖，臨摹自《南嶽志》。講壇上放着兩把椅子是爲了紀念南宋著名理學家朱熹訪院，與山長張拭討論《中庸》之義，開創了中國書院會講制度之先河。講堂壁上還嵌有許多極有價值的碑刻文物，如由朱熹手書、清代山長歐陽厚均刻的“忠孝廉節”碑;由清代山長歐陽正煥書、歐陽厚均刊立的“整齊嚴肅”碑;清代山張王文清撰問的《嶽麓書院學規碑》、《讀書法》等十數方，這些都是中國書院教育研究的重要史料。講堂前還有北京大學哲學系教授、中國社會科學院學委員馮友蘭先生所書對聯：“唯楚有才，於斯爲盛;沅生芷草，澧育蘭花。”此聯妙在：上聯兩句原是本書院大門聯，下聯援引《離騷》中的一句話：“沅有芷兮澧有蘭”，略作改動爲：“沅生芷草，澧育蘭花。”便成了兩個對仗句。從全聯看，上、下兩聯，各自成對。在內容上也有內在邏輯聯繫。爲什麼 “唯楚有才，於斯爲盛”?答案只有一個，那就是 “沅生芷草，澧育蘭花。”講堂右邊是“今日書院館”，陳列有黨和國家領導人視察書院的照片和題詞，以及嶽麓書院文化研究所的學術活動。講堂左邊有“文泉書店”遊客可以購買到有關書院的書籍和其它著作。請遊客自己觀看。看完以後，請穿過講堂，看到的是御書樓。

御書樓

嶽麓書院創建初期就在講堂後面建有書樓，後來宋真宗皇帝賜書給了嶽麓書院，更名爲“御書閣”。清康熙二十六年，巡撫丁思孔從朝廷請得十三經、二十一史等書籍，始建御書樓於現址。清代所建的御書樓不幸毀於抗日戰爭中，今天御書樓是80年代仿宋代風格重建。現在是湖南大學的古籍圖書館。前中共中央書記處書記鄧力羣同志曾將其萬餘冊個人藏書捐贈給嶽麓書院。御書樓內壁有“力羣書屋”，專室保藏。我國古代藏書樓很注重防火，樓前多建有水池;房屋之間還建有高高的封火牆。同時，出於一種信仰，在大樓屋脊的兩端常常塑有兩條昂首的龍。據說這是龍的第九個兒子，名叫“蚩吻”，好吞火。以次避火災。至於檐角的寶劍，則是因爲蚩吻還有一個愛好，就是啃木檐，爲了防止它的劣行，就用寶劍鎮住它。中國古代建築處處浸透着傳統文化色彩。御書樓兩側復廊嵌有《朱熹詩碑》、《重修嶽麓書院記》等重要碑刻。看完以後，請從御書樓左側邊門進入的是園林。那裏有麓山寺碑、百年軒和書院八景中的四景。進入園林，我們首先看到的是碑廊。

碑廊

嶽麓書院辦學千年，留下了大量有價值的碑刻。碑廊中即嵌立歷代遺碑13方，其中有朱熹手書的“道中庸”、“極高明”等碑，是書院的重要遺存;有新制的嶽麓書院文獻史料碑刻27方，這些碑文反映了歷代嶽麓書院的建設過程，是研究嶽麓書院發展歷史的重要文獻，撰文者或者爲著名文學家，或爲書院山長，或爲地方官員，或爲著名政治家，他們本身在歷史上都有較大的影響，因而這些碑刻具有更爲廣泛的社會價值、爲研究者和旅遊者所關注。碑廊處於書院園林西面。園林有書院八景中的“竹林冬翠”、“曲澗鳴泉”、“碧沼觀魚”和“花墩坐月”四景。您可以慢慢品味和尋找。沿碑廊前行，前面能看到時務軒。

時務軒

時務軒是爲紀念時務學堂而建的紀念性建築。清朝末年，中日甲午戰爭失敗後，民族危機空前加劇。爲推動湖南新政可，在嶽麓書院山長王先謙及譚嗣同等人的活動下，湖南巡撫陳保緘、學政江標、按察使黃遵憲於光緒二十三年上奏朝廷，設時務學堂於長沙小東街，熊希齡爲學堂總理(校長)，梁啓超爲中文總教習，學堂昌盛一時。著名學生有範源濂、蔡鍔、方鼎英、楊樹達、唐才中等人。戊戌變法失敗後，湖南巡撫陳保緘等人被革職，時務堂被迫停辦，後改爲求實書院，光緒二十八年改爲湖南大學堂。次年與嶽麓書院所改之湖南高等學堂合併。軒內現嵌有梁啓超《時務學堂古址碑，該碑爲民國二十四年梁啓超重遊時務學堂舊址所書，另有李肖聘、李況鬆、陳雲章、黃曾莆等人的碑刻。出了時務軒，右邊有一座小亭，那是著名的麓山寺所在地。

麓山寺碑

眼前的這個小亭內藏着我國書法史上著名的麓山寺碑。碑文內容記錄了麓山寺歷史沿革，是在唐開元十八年，由著名文學家、書法家、篆刻家李邕撰文、書丹並雕刻。因其文、書、刻三者俱佳，故有“三絕碑”之稱。碑側碑陰有宋帶大書法家米芾的題刻。麓山寺碑是我國現存碑刻中影響較大的一塊唐碑，也是長沙現存時間最早、價值最高的碑刻。李邕官至汲郡、北海太守，世稱“李北海”，故麓山寺碑又有北海之稱。《麓山寺碑》也是他行楷書的代表作品之一，筆致挺拔，氣勢縱橫。麓山寺碑對後來的書法家影響較大，歷代許多大書法家都至嶽麓山臨習瞻仰，碑後至今尚留有部分書法家的手跡。許多書法家都以見到此碑爲榮。因《麓山寺碑》享有盛名，歷代欲取此碑的人甚多，清代嘉慶年間，有達官遣官前來拓取，因不得其法，隧使名碑碎裂，留下了千古遺憾。當時長沙知府沈廷英得知後，親赴現場，和沙灰集其殘片94片，另嵌碑亭內壁之上。1950年麓山寺碑被列爲省文物保護單位。

離開麓山寺碑，前面那座伴水而建的建築是百泉軒。

百泉軒

這座伴水而建的建築叫百泉軒。這是歷代山長居住的地方。百泉軒始建於北宋之初，地處嶽麓山清風峽谷口，溪泉薈翠，是嶽麓書院風景絕佳之地。歷代山長愛溪泉之妙，築軒而居，享盡自然的天籟之音。元代著名理學家吳澄作《北泉軒記》，說百泉軒前溪泉：“如雪如冰，如練如鶴”。南宋乾道三年，朱熹訪院，與山長張拭“聚處同遊嶽麓”，“晝而燕坐，夜而棲宿”，都在、百泉軒中，相傳二人曾在此論學三晝夜而不息。倚水邊的石欄，觀錦鯉在水中戲遊。這是嶽麓書院八景之一：“碧沼觀魚”。

教學齋

您現在來到了教學齋。這是古代學生居住的地方。現存的建築爲1993年書院改學堂時改建。“教學齋”齋名出自《禮記-學記》：“玉不琢，不成器;人不學，不知道。是故，古之王者，建國居民，教學爲先”。裏面設有讀者服務部和編鐘古樂演奏室。您可以進去休息以下，購買嶽麓書院和湖南的旅遊紀念品，欣賞XX那前楚國的古編鐘演奏的民間音樂。

半學齋

現在我們來到半學齋。這是古代教師居住的地方。“半學齋”齋名源出《尚書-說命下》，含有教學相長的意思。目前半學齋設有嶽麓書院的歷史及人才陳列室。毛澤東同志早年曾和蔡和森寓居半學齋。現也設有專門展室以示紀念。

文廟

嶽麓書院文廟位於書院左側，由照壁、門樓、大成門、大成殿、兩廡、崇聖祠、明倫堂等部分組成，自成院落。自漢武帝“廢黜百家，獨尊儒家”以來，教育界開始祭祀祠孔子。北宋時期嶽麓書院曾建禮殿於講堂前，內塑孔子及十爲哲人像，畫七十二聖賢圖。南宋乾道元年改禮殿爲宣聖殿。明弘治十八年，更名爲大成殿。明朝正德二年遷於現在的地址。天啓四年重修，正式稱爲文廟，其規格與各郡縣文廟相當。其後屢毀屢興，但建築格局未變。大成殿是文廟中最主要的建築。“大成”一詞源於《孟子》，“孔子之謂集大;集大成也者，金聲而玉振之也。”孔子是我國古代著名的思想家和教育家，也是世界文明史上最偉大的文化巨匠之一。所以用“大成”二來表示孔子的成就和地位。大成殿採用重桅歇山頂，黃色琉璃瓦，藻井天花，雕龍畫鳳，屬帝王規格。殿前有月臺，供祭孔時表演禮樂用，月臺前有明代的石雕蟠龍，十分莊嚴。大成門的石階前，有一對明代石獅，一雄一雌，刻工精細傳神。雄獅戲球，雌獅懷抱小獅，這對獅子毫無凶神惡煞之感，有的只是受教化後的嫵媚恩愛之態。大成門外的牌樓爲明清建築，左右各一，南北相望，四柱三層，由花崗石砌成，上有龍雕等飾物。牌樓內側題額分別爲“賢關”、“聖域”，外側題額分別爲“德配天地”、“道冠古金”，均爲對孔子的讚辭。文廟照壁，也稱照牆，是文廟大成門外對着大門做屏蔽用的牆壁，現存照壁爲明清建築。照壁前的孔子銅像，是1996年香港孔子教學院湯恩佳先生捐塑。

mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about 4km from downtown changsha,in the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name "mawangdui"formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.

from 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the rding to seals unearthed from tomb no2"chancellor to the prince to changsha","seal of the marquis of dai"

we know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.

according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which reads"the first day of the second month in the twelfth year" after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang ' wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, was xingzhui, a study of conclusion that "tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century b,c

a little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.

now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:

these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into three categories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.

now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings, pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a t- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.

these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, ared with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrows were somewhat improved so that arrows

could travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.

we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and even chicken eggs.

well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and s with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.